Appendix B: The Western Monotheistic Tradition

Timeline of Religious Sects in the Western Monotheistic Tradition

This is by no means a complete list, but is intended to give an impression of the overall growth of religion from the earliest evidence of goddess worship to modern conceptions. The list is admittedly Euro-centric up to the 17th century and U.S.-centric after that. The number is based on a my own hypothetical outline of the generic evolution of what might be called the "center branch" of the family tree of western religion. The names in italics can be described as philosophies based on either Platonic or Enlightenment-styled rationalism, or modern secularism, rather than religious sects based on faith or dogma. Some are not easy to categorize, as some of these italicized groups can be accussed of ritualism, such as the Epicurean Atomists and Freemasons, yet are clearly more on the side of free thought and individualism than those categorized as a religion. Some references like "Greek Pagan" and "Roman Pagan" connotate many different religious cults fused into a single pantheon. Deities and unhistorical Biblical characters are listed in single quotations. Double quotations are used for names that are given by a third party, for example, from later archaeologists as in "Venus" carver, or from contemporary sects, such as the historically unconfirmed title "Ba'al-Zebub" or the so-called "Monophysite heresy". Gods and religions with the ¤ symbol are Amorite-influenced storm gods, called Ba'als, in the tradition of Hadad, Marduk, and Zeus. Gods and religions with the † symbol are associated with the death of a fertility god at the Winter Solstice followed by his resurrection on Easter in the tradition of Dumuzi, Tammuz, and Dionysus. Religions anf belief systems with the ‡ symbol uses language and iconography of crucifixion or martyrdom, either of their founder or the individual, in order to praise stoic determination, but denies the divinty of their founder. Adjacent names in parentheses are equatable deities or heroes from a different sect.

Midian (Sinai)

Religious Sect	King/Ruler	Representative	Location
Homo erectus carver		two figurines (800,000-233,000 ya.)	Israel; Africa
Aboriginal Australian		Hunter-gatherer tradition (70,000-40,000 ya.)	Australia
1. "Venus" carver		"Venus" figurines (27,000-12,000 B.C.)	Europe, Middle East, Asia
Natufian		skull decoration (10,500?-8200 B.C.)	Jericho (lit. 'Moon')
Yarmukian		idols of bearded heads (8500-4300 B.C.)	Syria, Palestine
Neolithic Anatolian		'Cybele'(?), many goddesses, some gods (6700s)	Chatal Hyuk (Turkey)
Shakti Hindu		Mahamaya goddess (5500-2600 B.C.)	Indus Valley
2. Sumerian	Alulim (5300-3400 B.C.?), Gilgamesh (2625 B.C.?)	Adapa (Adam) (5300-3400 B.C.?), Ziusudra (Noah), 'Enki', 'An', 'Nanna'/'Suen', 'Inanna', 'Dumuzi'† (2900 B.C.?)	Eridu, Uruk, Ur (S. Iraq)
Ghassulians		Ein Gedi Temple (3800-3350 B.C.)	Ein Gedi (Israel), Syria, Palestine
Heliocentrist		Nakshatra Darshas (3200 B.C.), Yajnavalkya (700s-800s B.C.)	India
Egyptian	The Scorpion King	'Min', 'Set' (3100 B.C.)	Egypt
3. Akkadian	Jugar (2900 B.C.?), Sargon (2334 B.C.)	Enheduana (1st author), 'Enlil', 'Inanna/Ishtar', 'Dumuzi'/'Tammuz'† (2271 B.C.)	Kish, Nippur, Akkad (N. Iraq)
Minoan	'King Minos'	goddess, bull worship ('Min'?) (2700-1450 B.C.)	Crete
4. Hurrian	'Abraham' (Ur), 'Haran', 'Nahor'	moon god (Suen?), 'Teshub'¤ (2500 B.C.)	Huran (Turkey)
Canaanite		'El the Bull' ('Anu'/'Enlil'), 'Dagon' (Enki?), 'Asherah' (Inanna), 'Tammuz'†, 'Baal-Hadad'¤, (2500 B.C.)	Israel, Lebanon, Syria
'Ennead'		'Atum-Ra' ('Aten') (2400 B.C.)	Heliopolis (Egypt)
'Ptah' Triad		'Ptah-Sekhmet-Nefertem' (2345 B.C.)	Memphis (Egypt)
4. Neo-Sumerian	Ur-Nammu	'Nanna'/'Suen' (moon god) (2112-2004 B.C.)	Ur (Abraham's home in Iraq)
Assyrian	Shamshi-Adad I (1831)	Gilgamesh, 'Ba'al Asshur'¤ (2000 B.C.)	Ashur, Shubat-Enlil (N. Iraq)
Mayan		'Gukumatz' ('Quetzalcoatl') (1800 B.C.?)	S. Mexico
'Ogdoad'		'Thoth' ('Hermes') (1800 B.C.?)	Hermopolis (Egypt)
'Chunm' Triad		'Chunm-Satet-Anuket' (1800 B.C.?)	Elaphantine (Egypt)
Babylonian	Hammurabi	Gilgamesh, 'Ba'al Marduk'¤, 'Tammuz†, Ishtar' (1763 B.C.)	Babylon (Iraq)
Hittite	Pithana	'Teshub'¤ ('Zeus'), 'Asherdu' ('Asherah'), '1000 gods' (1750 B.C.)	Turkey
Jebusite	Melchi-Zedek	'Zedek' (El Elyon?; 'Zeus'?; "Zadok"?) (1600s B.C.?)	Jerusalem
New Kingdom Triad	Ahmose	'Amun-Mut-Chons' (1570 B.C.)	Thebes (Egypt)
Vedic Hindu		'Indra', 'Soma', 'Agni', 'Varuna', 'Mithra' (1500s)	India
5. Sphinx Triad	King Tuthmoses (1390s)	'Atum-Horus-Akhet'; Khafra? (2500s)	Heliopolis, Giza Plataeu
5. On Priesthood	Unnamed pharaoh	Joseph (Yuya?) (1390 B.C.?)	Heliopolis (Egypt)
Chemosh Worship	Mesha	Joseph, Solomon, 'Chemosh/Moloch'¤, 'Ishtar' (1300s)	Beth-Baal-Me'On ("Shrine to God of On"), Moab (Jordan)
Shasu Bedouin		'Yahweh' (Egyptian lion-god Bes), 'Asherah'	Qadeš (Sinai)
6. Aten Worship	Akhenaten	Akhenaten, Ramose (1350 B.C.)	Heliopolis, Amarna (Egypt)
7. Midianite Priesthood		'Yahweh' (volcano god), Moses
Dionysius Worship†		'Dionysus'/'Bacchus', Cybele (1200s B.C.)	Crete?, Greece, Rome
Philistine		"Ba'al-Zebub"¤ ('Ba'al-Zebul'?), 'Dagon','Astarte' (Inanna/"Ashtoreth") (1180 B.C.)	Palestine (S. Israel)
Cybele Worship	Kubaba the Barmaid(?) of Kish (Iraq, 2400 B.C.)	'Kubaba' (Cybele?), 'Dionsius'† (Attis) (1000s B.C.)	Iraq?, Carchemish, Phyrgia, Greece, Rome
Edomite	'Esau', Herod	'Kaus'¤ (1000s?-700s? B.C.)	S. Israel
Melqart Priesthood	Hiram I? (969-936 B.C.?)	'Melqart' (Gilgamesh?) (2750 B.C.?)	Tyre
8. Ba'al-Yahweh Priesthood	David, Isaiah	'Ba'al-Yahweh'¤, 'Asherah' (900s B.C.)	Jerusalem
Omri Priesthood	Jeroboam (I/II)	'El the Bull' (golden calf) (930 B.C.?)	Bethel, Dan (Israel)
Levite Priesthood		'Yahweh', Moses	Bethel (Israel), Moab
9. El-Yahweh Priesthood		Elijah ("El is Yah"), Elisha (850s B.C.)	Jordan, Israel
10. Zadokite Priesthood (J)	King Joash	Jehoiada (800s B.C.)	Jerusalem (Judah)
11. Shiloh Priesthood (E)	'Joshua'	Eli, Samuel (Moses) (800s B.C.)	Shiloh (S. Israel)
12. Leviticus Reform (P)	Hezekiah	Aaron, Phineas, Ezekiel (Monotheist Reform: 715 B.C.)	Jerusalem
Canaanite Reform¤	Manasseh (687 B.C.)	(Polytheist Reform)	Judah
13. Deuteronomy Reform (D)	Josiah ("Joshua")	Hilkiah, Jeremiah (Monotheist Reform: 628 B.C.)	Jerusalem, Shiloh
Armenian	Orontid	'Amun-Ra' (612-400 B.C.)	Armenia
Greek Pagan		'Zeus'¤, Homer (700s-800s B.C.), Hesiod (700 B.C.?)	Greece
Athenian Democrat		Solon (594 B.C.), Cleisthenes (508 B.C.)	Athens (Greece)
Zoroastrian	King Vishtaspa(?)	Zarathustra ('Mithra', 1700?, 588 B.C.?)	Iran, India
Greek Humanist		Thales of Miletos (582), Xenophanes of Colophon (500s)	Greece
*Jain*	King Sardatha	Mahavira (557-507 B.C.?)	India
Orphic†		'Dionysus', Orpheus, Anaxagoras (550s B.C.?)	Greece, Macedonia
Pythagorean‡		Orpheus, Pythagoras (550s B.C.?)	Samos, Ionia, Italy
Zurvanist Zoroastrian		Zarathustra (500s-300s B.C.?)	Iran, India
Roman Republican		Lucius Brutus, Collantius (509 B.C.?)	Rome
Confucionist		Confucious (479 B.C.)	China
Sophist		Anaxagoras, Protagoras (470s B.C.?)	Athens, Ionia, Thrace
14. Second Temple Reform	Artaxerxes II	Ezra (Aaronid priest; 459 B.C.)	Jerusalem
14. Samaritan Priesthood		Moses	Gerizim (400-500s B.C.), Schechem (N. Israel)
Buddhist	Suddhodana	Siddhartha Guatama (400s-500s B.C.?)	India
Atomist		Democritus (400's B.C.?)	Thrace (Greece/Bulgaria)
Socratic		Socrates (450 B.C.?)	Athens (Greece)
Roman Pagan (Greek Syncrentism)		'Apollo' (430s), 'Jupiter', 'Juno'	Rome
Cynic		Socrates, Antisthenes, Diogenes (399 B.C.)	Athens
Platonist‡		Socrates, Plato (385 B.C.)	Athens
Aristotlian		Plato, Aristotle (335 B.C.)	Athens
Epicurean		Democritus, Epicurus (307 B.C.)	Athens
Stoic‡		Antisthenes, Zeno (301 B.C.)	Athens
*Tao*		'Jade Emperor', Laozi (600-300? B.C.)	China
Vodun (Voodoo)		'Mawu', 'Nana Baluku' (4000 B.C.-300 B.C.)	West Africa
Magna Mater Worship		'Cybele/Magna Mater' (200s B.C.)	Rome
15. Hasidean‡	Judas Maccabee(?)	Onias III (175 B.C.)	Jerusalem
Sadducee Priesthood		Simon Maccabee (153 B.C.), John Hyrcanus	Jerusalem
Pharisee	Queen Alexandra (76 B.C.)	Zaddok (141 B.C.), Simon ben Shetach (76 B.C.)	Jerusalem
Mithraic Zoroastrianist		'Mithras' (100s B.C.?), Constantine	Iran, Roman Empire
16. Essene Jew‡		Teacher of Righteousness (160-70 B.C.)	Qumran, Damascus (S. Syria)
16. Nazarene Jew‡ (Toldoth)		Yeshu ben Panthera (76-67 B.C.?)	Egypt, Upper Galilee, Jerusalem
16. Gnostic Nasaraean‡		Yeshu ha-Notzri (76-67 B.C.)	Gilead, Basham, Transjordan; Syria
16. Oniad Jew‡		Onias III(?), Honi the Circle-Drawer (67-63 B.C.?)	Jerusalem
Samaritan Gnostic		Simon the Magus (70 B.C.)	Caeserea (Samaria), Egypt
Herodian	Herod the Great	Herod (42 B.C.)	Rome, Idumea, Galilee, Judea
Proto-Rabbinic Jew		Hillel (30 B.C.)	Babylon, Jerusalem
Divus Augustus Worship	Emperor Augustus	Julius Caesar (44 B.C.), Caesar Augustus (27 B.C)	Roman Empire
Messianic Zealot‡		Judas of Galilee (6 A.D.)	Southern Syria
17. Essene Nazarite‡		John the Baptist (20)	Southern Syria
18. Hellenistic Jew		Philo (20)	Alexandria (Egypt)
Therapeutae		(healing monks mentioned by Philo; Honi? Buddha?)	Greece, Alexandria
Rabbinic Jew		Yohanan Zakkai (70)	Jamnea (Western Judea)
19. Jewish Cynic‡ (Q-1, Mark-1)		'Jesus,' 'Paul' (70s)	Galilee, Alexandria (Egypt), Rome,
20. Jewish Apocalypticist (Q-2)		'Jesus,' James, John (70s, 130s)	Galilee, Judea
21. Adoptionist‡ (Mark-2)		Philip the Evangelist (100s?), Theodotus of Byzantium (192)	Cyrene, Alexandria, Caeserea
21. Cerinthian‡ (John-1)		Cerinthus (100)	Alexandria (Egypt), Turkey
21. Nicolaitan‡		Nicolas of Antioch (100)	Ephesus (Turkey)
Nazoraean‡ (Nazarene) ("Hebrew" Matthew?)		'Jesus the Nazirite' (1-100 A.D.)	?
Hermetic		Hermes Trismegestus (Thoth) (100s)	Alexandria
Ophite Gnostic†		Snake from Garden of Eden (100s)	Syria, Egypt
Naassene Ophite†		Snake from Garden of Eden (100s)	Syria?, Egypt?
Sethian Ophite†		'Seth, son of Adam' (B.C.?-100s A.D.)	Syria?, Egypt?
Barborite Sethian†		'Barbelo' (100s)	Syria?, Egypt?
Mandaean Ophite		John the Baptist (100s)	S. Iraq, W. Iran
Cainite†		Judas "the twin" Thomas (100s)	Syria?, Egypt?
Syrian Gnostic‡		Saturninus (120-140)	Syria
Egyptian Gnostic‡		Basilides (120-140)	Alexandria
Carpocratan‡		Carpocrates (120-140)	Alexandria, Kefalonia (W. Greece)
Antinous Worship†	Emperor Hadrian	'Melqart', 'Bacchus', 'Osiris', Antinous (130)	Bithynia, Mantineia, Athens, Antinoplis
21. Montanist† (Paul-1)		Montanus (130s-170s?), Tertullian (207)	Pepuza (Turkey)
22. Marcionite Chrestian† (Luke-1, Paul-2)		'Paul,' Cedro, Marcion (143)	Sinope (Turkey)
22. Valentinan† (John-2)		'Paul,' Valentinius (Trinity?, 143)	Alexandria, Rome
22. Marcosian Valentinian† (Secret Mark)		'Paul,' Valentinus, Marcus	Western Roman Empire
Ebionite‡		James the Just (100-150s?), John the Pillar	Jerusalem, Antioch
23. Galilean Christian† (Matthew, Paul-3)		'Peter' (50), Simon (100s)	Galilee, Caesarea Philippi, Antioch (S. Syria)
24. Presbyter† (John-3)		John the Elder (90s-150s)	Ephesus (Turkey)
25. Proto-Orthodox† (John-3)		Justin Martyr (140-160), Tatian	Rome, Syria
Encratite† (John-3)		Tatian (160)	Syria
Alogi‡		(Anti-Logos sect 170s)	Turkey
Ptolemic Geocentrist		Ptolemy (after 83-161 A.D.)	Alexandria
26. Apostolic† (John3, Paul4)		Polycarp, Irenaeus (177), Pope Victor I, Tertullian (197)	Rome, Lyons (France)
Quartodecimanist†		Polycarp, Polycrates (189-199)	Ephesus (Turkey)
Tertullianist†		Tertullian ('Trinity'; 1st Latin Christian; 210-220?)	Carthage (Africa)
Manichaean Gnostic‡	Turan Shah	Mani (230)	Babylon (Iraq), Iran
Neo-Platonist		Ammonius Saccus, Plotinus (Plato) (270)	Alexandria, Rome
Armenian Apostolic†	King Tiridates III	St. Gergory the Illuminator (301)	Armenia
Donatists†		Donatus (313)	Carthage (Africa)
27. Orthodox†	Emperor Constantine	Athanasius (325)	Alexandria, Constantinople, Nicene
Arian†	Emperor Constantine	Arius (336)	Alexandria, Constantinople
28.Catholic† (Eusebian)	Emperor Gratian	Ignatius of Antioch (110), St. Cyril of Jerusalem (347)	Constantinople, Nicene, Jerusalem
Apollinarist† ("Monophysite")		Apollinaris (362, 381)	Laodocea, Syria
29. Catholic Reform†	Emperor Theodosius	St. Ambrose (380), St. Augustine of Hippo (391)	Rome, Alexandria, Hippo (Africa)
Assyrian Orthodox†		Nestorius (431)	Constantinople
Oriental Orthodox†		St. Cyril (431)	Alexandria
30. Greek Orthodox†	Emperor Marcian	St. Pope Leo I, St. Juvenal of Jerusalem (451)	Rome, Jerusalem, Constantinople
Eutychianist† ("Monophysite")		Eutyches (431, 451)	Constantinople
Theosophic		Pseudo-Dionysus the Areopagite (430-500)
Celtic Christian†	King Aidan, Artur (Arthur?)	St. Columba (560)	Ireland, Scotland
Merovingian Christian†		missionaries inc. St. Columbanus (600s)	France
Sunni Muslim		Muhammed (613)	Mecca, Medina (Arabia)
Shi'ite Muslim‡		Ali ibn Abi Talib (656)	Kufa (Iraq)
Paulican‡		Mani, Constantine-Silvanus (660)	Armenia
Ismaili Shi'ite‡		Muhammed ibn Ismail (746)	Arabia
Karaite Jew		Anan ben David (770)	Baghdad (Iraq)
Norseman		'Odin', 'Thor', 'Freya', 'Baldur'† (793)	Scandenavia, N. Germany
Holy Roman Empire	Charlemagne	Pope Leo III (800)	France, Germany, Italy
Sabian		'Hermes Trismegestus' (830)	Subar (N. Iraq)
Zaidi Shi'ite‡		Zaidiyyah (864)	N. Iran, Yemen
Fatimid Ismaili		Ubaydallah Al-Mahdi (909)	E. Algeria, Cairo (Egypt)
Bogomilist‡ (Adoptionist)		Mani, Bogumil (927-969)	Bulgaria
Alawi Ismaili‡		Hasan al Askari, Al-Khasibi (969)	Syria
Russian Orthodox†	Vladamir the Great	Andrew the Apostle, Patriarch of Constantinople (988)	Kievan Rus' (Northwest Russia)
*Druze (Gnostic Ismaili)*		al-Hakim (Plato) (996)	Cairo (Egypt)
Apache		'Killer-of-Enemies', 'Child-of-the-Water' (1000)	Arizona, Texas, Mexico
Inuit		'Sedna' (1000)	W. Alaska
*Scientific Method*		Ibn al-Haytham (1015)	Basra (Iraq)
31. Roman Catholic†		Pope Leo IX (1054)	Rome
*Sufi Muslim*		Ali, Al-Ghazali (Plato) (1091)	Bazra (Iraq)
Nizari Fatimid‡		an-Nizar Fatimid (1094)	Cairo (Egypt)
Beguine/Beghard Christian†		feminine mysticism (1100s)	Netherlands
Knight Templar†	King Baldwin II	Huyues de Payens (1119)	Rome, France, Jerusalem
Knight Hospitaller†	King Baldwin II	Gerard Thom (1119)	Rome, France, Jerusalem
Cathar† (Gnostic Christian)		1st Record: 1143; Council of Saint-Félix: 1167; Last Cathar: 1321	Languedoc (France)
Ghibelline† ("Imperial Party")	Emperor Frederick I	Lords of Hohenstaufen, agriculturalists (1160)	Germany, Italy
(Black) Guelph† ("Church Party")	Pope Alexander III	Dukes of Bavaria (Welf), Lombard League, mercantiles (1167)	Germany, Italy
Waldensian† (Proto-Protestant)		Peter Waldo (1177)	Lyons (France)
Bretheren of the Free Spirit†		ascetic Christian mysticism (1200s)	Northern Europe
Inca	Manco Cápac (1230? 1107?)	'Viracocha'	Peru, Chile
Aztec		'Quetzalcoatl' ('Gukumatz'; Venus) (1248)	Mexico
White Guelph†	(anti-Pope Boniface VIII)	Alighiero de Bellincione (Dante Alighieri's father), Dante (1300)	Florence (Italy)
Italian Monarchist	Emperor Henry VII	Dante (Aristotle) (1308)	Florence (Italy)
*Renaissance Humanist*		Petrarch (1341), Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1486), Desiderius Erasmus (1524)	Florence (Italy)
Lollard† (Proto-Protestant)		John Wycliffe (1376)	England
Moravian† (Proto-Protestant)		Jan Hus (1412)	Bohemia (Czech Republic), Germany
Anabaptist†		Petr Chelcický (1420)	Bohemia
Navajo Apache		'Holy Supreme Wind' (1500s)	Arizona, New Mexico
Louisiana Voodoo		(1500s)	New Orleans (Louisiana)
*Copernican Heliocentrist*		Nicolaus Copernicus (1514, 1543)	Poland
Lutheran†	Prince Friedrich III	Martin Luther (1521)	Germany
Christian Communist		St. Thomas More (1516), Thomas Müntzer (1524), Gerrard Winstanley (1649)	England
Mennonite Anabaptist† (Swiss Brethren)		Menno Simons (1525)	Zurich (Switzerland)
Hutterite Anabaptist†		Jacob Hutter (1520s)	South Tirol (N. Italy/Austria), Moravia (Czech Republic)
*Unitarian*		Cellarius (1527), Servetus (1532)	Germany, France
Anglican†	King Henry XIII	Thomas Cramner (1533)	England
Calvinist†		John Calvin (1541)	France, Geneva (Switzerland)
Scientific Revolution		Copernicus (1543), Ibn al-Haytham, Francis Bacon	Europe
*Western Esoteric Occultist*	Queen Elizabeth	John Dee ("007"; 1555)	England
Presbyterian†		Calvin, John Knox (1560)	Scotland
*Pantheist*		Giordano Bruno (Hermes Trismegistus) (1581); Baruch Spinoza (1656), Albert Einstein (1929)	Italy; Portugal
Congregationalist†		Robert Browne (1582)	England, U.S.
*Psychologist*		Rudolf Goeckel (1590), Sigmund Freud (1898)	Germany
Protestant Monarchist†	King James I	James I (1597; KJV: 1611)	England, Scotland, Ireland
*Rosicrucian*		'Hermes' (1407?, 1607?)	Germany, England
*Deist*		Herbert of Cherbury (1624)	England, Netherlands
*Rationalist*		René Descartes (1637), Spinoza, Gottfried Leibniz	Europe
Baptist		Roger Williams, John Clarke (1639)	Rhode Island
*Epicurean Atomist*		Pierre Gassendi (1647), Thomas Jefferson	France
Quaker		George Fox (1648)	England
British Republican Commonwealth	Oliver Cromwell (1653)	Henry Ireton, John Lambert, John Milton (1667)	England
Cherokee		'Great Spirit' (Language: 1800-1500 B.C.; Contact: 1654 A.D.)	N. Carolina, Tennessee
Tory (Court Party)	Charles I, II	royalists (1678)	Britain
*Classical Mechanics*		Sir Isaac Newton (1687), Leibniz	England, Germany
*Classic Liberal*		John Locke (1689), Charles de Secondat (1748), Adam Smith (1776), Thomas Paine (1776)	England, France, Scotland
Amish Mennonite†		Jacob Amman (1693)	Switzerland, Pennsylvania
Shaker†		5 French prophets (1706), Mother Ann Lee (1747), James Wardley	Manchester (England), New York
*Freemason*		Anthony Sayer (1717), George Washington	England, Scotland, U.S.
Methodist†		Arminius, John Wesley (Calvin) (1729)	Oxford (England)
Hasidic Jew		Israel ben Eliezer (1740)	Germany, Poland, Russia
Wahabbi Shi'ite‡		Muhammed Ibn Abdul Wahhab (1744)	Arabia
Swedenborgian†		Emanuel Swedenborg (1758), William Blake, Ralph Waldo Emerson	Sweden, England
*Historical Jesus (1st Quest)*		Hermann Samuel Reimarus (Deist; 1760), Jefferson (1820), Ferdinand Christian Baur (1826), David Friedrich Strauss (1835), Bruno Bauer (1839), Albert Schweitzer (1906), Rudolf Bultmann (1921)	Tubingen School (Germany), Germany, U.S.
*Atheist*		Baron d'Holbach (1761)	France, Netherlands
*Anglo-American Conservative*		Edmund Burke (Whig) (1770)	Ireland, Britain
American Revolution		George Washington, Jefferson, James Madison, Benjamin Franklin (1776)	U.S.
Industrial Revolution		James Watt (1st improved steam engines: 1776), Franklin	Scotland, England
Neo-Druid		Henry Hurle (1781)	London
Whig (Country Party)		Charles James Fox (1784)	Britain
*Feminist*		Olympe de Gouges (1791), Mary Wollenstonecraft	France, Britain
*Age of Enlightenment*		Paine (1791-92), Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, David Hume, Immanuel Kant	England, France, Scotland, Germany
*Anarchist Communist*		Sylvain Maréchal (1796), Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1840), Joseph Déjacque (1857)	France, England
Romantic		William Wordsworth & Samuel Coleridge (1798), Blake, Percy & Mary Shelley (daughter of Wollenstonecraft)	Britain
*Democratic-Republican*		Jefferson (1792), Andrew Jackson (1829)	Virginia, Washington
*(Old/Right) Hegelian*		Georg Hegel (1807), Bauer (studied under Hegel)	Germany
British Conservative ("Tory")		William Pitt, Jr. (Whig) (1812)	Britain
*Reform Jew ("heresy")*		Leopold Zunz (1815)	Germany
Young (Left) Hegelian (1st Quest)		Stauss (1835), Bauer (1839), Ludwig Feuerbach (1841), Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels	Prussia
*Socialist*		Robert Owen (1817), Pierre Leroux (1834), Marie Roch Louis Reybaud	England, France
Mormon†		Joseph Smith, Jr. (1830)	Utah, Missouri
Transcendentalist†		Kant, Emerson (1836)	U.S.
British Liberal (Whig)		Earl John Russell (1839)	Britian
*Baha'i*		Baha'u'llah (1844)	Tehran (Iran)
*Conservative Jew ("heresy")*		Zecharias Frankel (1845)	Bohemia, Germany
*Marxist*		Marx (Jan. 1846), Engels	Prussia, Brussels (Belgium)
(World) Evangelical Alliance†		(Aug. 1846); Roy Cattell (England 1951), J. Elwin Wright (U.S. 1951)	England, U.S.
*Collectivist Anarchist*		Mikhail Bakunin (1848)	Russia, France, Sicily, Europe
Neo-Orthodox Jew		Samson Raphael Hirsch (1851)	Germany
*Theory of Natural Selection*		Charles Darwin (1851), Thomas Huxley	England
Second Adventist†		William Miller (1860)	Salem (Massachusettes)
American Confederate		Jefferson Davis (1861)	Alabama
*Republican (Grand Old Party)*		Abraham Lincoln (1861)	Washington
Seventh Day Adventist†		Ellen White (1863)	Michigan, Maryland
Klu Klux Klansman†		Confederate veterans (1866), George Gordon, D. W. Griffith (1915)	Pulaski (Tennessee)
*Anarcho-Syndicalist*		Giuseppe Fanelli (1868)	Spain, Italy
*Agnostic*		Huxley (1869), Robert G. Ingersoll, Bertrand Russell	England, U.S.
Theosophic Society		H. P. Blavatsky (1875), G.R.S. Mead (1892)	New York City
Fundamentalist Christian†		James H. Brookes (1876), Milton and Lyman Steward (1910)	Princeton (New Jersey), Missouri, Canada
*Graf-Wellhausen Documentary Hypothesis (JEDP)*		St. Jerome (395), Thomas Hobbes (1651), H. B. Witter (1710s), J. G. Eichorn, W. M. L. de Wette, Jean Astruc (1753), Hermann Hupfeld (1853), Eduard Ross, Karl Graf, Julius Wellhausen (1878), Frank Moore Cross (1997)	Germany, California, Israel
Golden Dawn		Woodman, Westcott, Mathers (1887)	England
Bolshevik Marxist	Vladimir Lenin (1922)	Lenin (1893), Leon Trotsky (1896), Joseph Stalin (1904)	Soviet Russia
*Revised Documentary Hypothesis (JEPD)*		August Dillmann (1897), Richard Friedman (1987), Moshe Weinfeld (2004)
*Zionist*		Theodor Herzl (Aug. 1897)	Basel (Switzerland)
*British Labour Party*		Thomas R. Steels (1899)	Britain
Pentacostal† ("Neo-Montanist")		Charles Fox Parham (Jan. 1901)	Topeka (Kansas)
*American Socialist Party*		Eugene V. Debs (July 1901), Jack London	U.S.
Ordo Templi Orientis		Aleister Crowley (1904)	England
*Theory of Relativity*		Albert Einstein (June 1905)	Germany, Switzerland
Bolshevik-Leninist ("Trotskyite")		Trotsky (Nov. 1905; exile: 1927)	Soviet Russia
Marxist-Leninist ("Stalinist")	Stalin	Stalin (1906; Lenin & Trotsky break from him: 1924)	Soviet Russia
Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft (German Neo-Pagan)		Ludwig Fahrenkrog (1907)	Germany
American Progressive Party		Theodore Roosevelt (1912), Robert M. La Follette (1924)	U.S.
Iglesia ni Cristo† (Aztec Catholic)		Felix Manalo (1914); 'Santa Muerte' (St. Death; 1950s)	Philipines
Thule Society (German Occultist)		Rudolf von Sebottendorf (1918)	Germany
National Socialist	Adolf Hitler (1934)	Anton Drexler (German Worker's Party: 1919), Dietrich Eckart (Thule)	Germany
Positive Christian†		Nazi Protestants (1920), Alfred Rosenberg (1930), Jakob Wilhelm Hauer (1933)	Germany
Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia†		Tikhon, Patriarch of Moscow (1922; Reunified 2007)	Serbia
Nation of Islam (African-American Islamic "heresy")		Wallace Fard Muhammad (1930), Elijah Muhammad, Malcom X, Louis Farrakhan (1978)	Detroit (Michigan)
Jehovah's Witness†		Charles Taze Russell (1870s), Joseph Rutherford (1931)	Pennsylvania
Bolshevik Russian Orthodox†	Stalin	Sergius I (1943)	Moscow
Hippie (Beat Movement; "New Left")*		Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, William Burroughs (1944), Neal Cassady; Timothy Leary (1967)	New York, San Francisco, Woodstock (1969)
*Biblical Archaeologist*		William F. Albright (March 1948), G. Ernst Wright, Cross (1953), David Noel Freedman, Israel Finkelstein (1988)	U.S., Israel
*Israeli Zionist*		Zvi Berenson (May 1948), Chaim Weizmann	Israel
Scientologist		L. Ron Hubbard (1952)	New Jersey
*New Historical Jesus (2nd Quest)*		Ernst Käsemann (1953), Günther Bornkamm (1960), James M. Robinson, Bultmann school	Germany, U.S.
Wiccan		Gerald Gardner (1954)	England
*American Nazi Party*		George Lincoln Rockwell (Mar. 1959)	Virginia
Ethiopian Orthodox†		'Enoch', Abuna Baslios (May 1959)	Ethiopia
Second Vatican Council†		Pope John XXIII (1962)	Vatican City
*American Atheist*		Madalyn Murray O'Hair (June 1963), Frank R. Zindler	Austin (Texas)
*African-American Civil Rights Movement‡*		Martin Luther King Jr. (March on Washington: Aug. 1963)	Washington, Mississippi
*"Neoconservative"*		Leo Strauss (1959), Irving Kristol (1965), Paul Wolfowitz (1972), Ronald Reagan (1981), William Kristol (1997)	U.S.
*LaVeyan Satanist*		Anton Szandor LaVey (1966)	San Francisco (California)
Hare Krishna (Gaudiya Vaishnava Hindu)		A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada (1966) ('Krishna'; Chaitanya Mahaprabhu: 1500s)	New York City, India
*American Independent Party*		Bill & Eileen Shearer (July 1967), George C. Wallace	California
*Church of All Worlds (American Neo-Pagan)**		Timothy Zell (aka "Oberan Zell-Ravenheart") (1967)	Missouri, Ohio, California
*Reconstructionist Jew ("heresy")*		Mordecai Kaplan (Conservative Jew) (1968)	Wyncote, Pennsylvania
Jew for Jesus		Moishe Rosen (Baptist Minister) (1969)	California
Society of St. Pius X† (Traditionalist Catholic)		French Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre (1970; excomm. 1975)	Switzerland
Libertarian*		David Nolan (1971)	California, Flordia, Manhatten, Chicago, Austria
Asatru (Norse Neo-Pagan)		Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson (1972)	Iceland
*Jewish Jesus (3rd Quest)*		David Bivin (1972), Raymond E. Brown (1973), James Dunn (1980), Robert Eisenman (1984), David Flusser (1988)	U.S., Jerusalem School (Israel), Israel
*Green*		Rudi Dutschke, Heinrich Böll, Petra Kelly (1979)	Germany
*Apocalyptic Jesus (3rd Quest)*		Reimarus (1778), David Friedrich Strauss (1835), Schweitzer (1911), E.P. Sanders (1983), N. T. Wright (1992), Gerd Lüdemann (1995), Bart Ehrman (1999), Paula Fredriksen (2000)	Germany, U.S.
*Jesus Seminar (3rd Quest)*		Robert Funk & John Dominic Crossan (1985), Marcus Borg	California
*Cynic Jesus (3rd Quest)*		Burton Mack (1988), Crossan (1993), Funk (1997)	California
*British Liberal Democrat*		David Steel, Roy Jenkins (1988)	Britain
*Washington Consensus ("Neoliberal")*		John Williamson (1989)	Washington
American Reform Party		Ross Perot (Feb. 1992)	U.S.
*Mythical Jesus (4th Quest?)*		Constantin-François Chassebœuf (1790s), Bauer (1840), Zindler (2003)	France, Germany, U.S.
Russian True Orthodox (Josephite)		Hieromonk John (1996), Archimandrite Stefan, Patriarch Dymytriy	Russia
*100 B.C. Jesus (4th Quest?)*		Mead (1903), G.A. Wells (1998), Alvar Ellegard (1999)	England, Sweden

*Both Oberan Zell-Ravenheart's Church of All Worlds (American Neo-Pagan) and David Nolan's formation of the Libertarian Party were heavily influenced by the science fiction writings of Robert A. Heinlein. Zell-Ravenheart's concept was based on the modernistic religion of Heinlein's Stranger in a Strange Land (1961), a book that is also credited with popularizing the notion of polyamory, or 'free love,' within the hippie counter-culture.